Автор Дима Чепелев задал вопрос в разделе Другое
в чём различия между обучением афинских и спартанских мальчиков? и получил лучший ответ
Ответ от FR.Sound[гуру]
Афинская школа
Программа обучения в Греции охватывала воспитание интеллектуальное, музыкальное и физическое, не отдавая ни одному из них особого предпочтения. ”Это было связано с особенностями самой греческой культуры, в которой воспитание понималось как неразрывное единство “гимнастического” и “мусического“, как развитие физического и умственного одновременно”.
“Мусическое воспитание и мусические школы возникли в Древней Греции и получили наиболее полное развитие в Афинах. Главной целью мусического воспитания было - воспитать идеального гражданина, дать ему нравственное, эстетическое, физическое, политическое и культурное воспитание. Большое внимание в мусическом воспитании придавалось музыке, обучение которой неразрывно связано было с усвоением лучших образцов греческой литературы - Гомера, Гесиода, Эсхила, Софокла, Еврипида - образцов дидактической поэзии. Каждый образованный человек в Афинах должен был владеть искусством кифаредики - аккомпанирования и пения. Поэтому, после усвоения некоторого количества литературных текстов, мальчики обучались у кифариста игре на семиструнной затем девятиструной лире и кифаре. Музыкальное воспитание приобретало большое значение в связи с участием хоров мальчиков и юношей в большинстве государственных праздников“.
Музыкальное и литературное образование считалось наиболее обязательным, так как развивало ребенка в нравственном и культурном плане.
Афинское образование в школах для мальчиков в VII веке до н. э. заключалось в изучении трёх групп предметов: словесных наук, музыки и гимнастики.
Спартанская школа
Спартанская система воспитания преследовала, по преимуществу, цель подготовить воина - члена военной общины. До 7 лет ребенок воспитывался в семье няньками-кормилицами. С 7 лет полис (город-государство) брал на себя воспитание и обучение подраставших спартиатов. Этот процесс проходил в три этапа.
На первом этапе (7-15 лет) дети приобретали навыки письма и чтения, но главным оставалось физическое закаливание, которое было чрезвычайно разнообразным (ходили босиком, спали на тонких соломенных подстилках). С 12 лет возрастала суровость воспитания мальчиков, которых приучали не только к аскетическому образу жизни, но и к немногословию. В 14 лет мальчика, пропуская через жестокие физические испытания, посвящали в эйрены - члена общины с предоставлением определенных гражданских прав. В течение последующего года эйренов проверяли на стойкость в военных отрядах спартиатов.
На втором этапе воспитания (15-20 лет) к минимальному обучению грамоте добавлялось обучение пению и музыке. Однако способы воспитания ужесточались. Подростков держали в голоде и приучали самим добывать себе еду, физически наказывая тех из них, которые терпели неудачу. К 20 годам эйрены посвящались в воины и получали полное вооружение.
В течение третьего этапа (20-30 лет) они постепенно приобретали статус полноправного члена военной общины. В результате всех вышеперечисленных этапов воспитания воины свободно владели копьем, мечом, дротиком и другим оружием того времени. Однако спартанская культура воспитания оказалась гипертрофированной военной подготовкой при фактическом невежестве молодого поколения. Воспитательная традиция Спарты периода VI-IV вв. до н. э. в итоге свелась к физическим упражнениям и испытаниям. Именно эти элементы стали предметом подражания в последующие эпохи» .
Вывод: Главным отличием афинской школы от спартанской есть более воинственная ориентация спартанцев, которая является скорее воинской подготовкой юношей. А остальные предметы в Спарте были второстепенными.
Источник: ссылка
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