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Ответ от Ѝлла Кацнельбоген[гуру]
The Elderly in modern Russia
Today elderly people are one of most vulnerable strata in Russian society. On reaching certain age they find themselves in the situation of risk i.e. disability, financial deprivation, and loss of usual social networks. As a rule, elderly people live on pension, which is the main source of income. There are some transfers supplementing it: benefits in payment for flat and public utilities, transport, telephone, medicines and medical service; regional allowances and address aid. Incomes from dacha; material aid from relatives or voluntary organizations are very important for elderly people, too.
Elderly people savings are not very significant because of the devaluation in nineties and low pension. In conditions of political and social-economic instability, continuous inflation and increase in prices, the average pension is not sufficient for normal lifе.
Despite all efforts, the living standard of elderly people is not sufficient for the providing of worthy life.
Elderly people don’t have enough money even for food, especially in big cities, where a significant part of income is spent on the payment for flat and communal service. Sociological researches demonstrate that elderly people have been forced to resign from the usual food; many cannot afford meat (replacing it to entrails), quality sausages and cheese, some dairy products, confectioneries, fruits. They don’t have enough money for medicines, clothes, and appliances. Most of them cannot travel or have a treatment in resort and even to invite friends because of financial difficulties. Many have to work being pensioners to support necessary living standard. Usually elderly people work in budget sphere, where wages are low. Many grow fruit and vegetables in their dacha not only for private consumption but also for sale (it is especially typical for small towns). Here they are faced with different problems of delivery and storage. Despite the old age, people demonstrate fantastic inventiveness, a lot of energy in self-providing.
Changes in social position of elderly man, rupture of social networks generate the serious problem of social exclusion. In this connection, the support of organizations helping elderly people to cope with loneliness (territorial centers, centers of cultural and spiritual communication) becomes an important task of social security.
I think there are two main ways for solving the problem. The first is the increasing of the wages and the improving status of social worker in the system of administration. The second is the activation of volunteers, drawing young people, using international experience.
How older people are treated within a society and how the elderly deal with the inevitable problems of aging, particularly those involving health and income? Health problems include normal losses in hearing, eyesight, and memory, and the increased likelihood of chronic diseases. In general, the health of older people today is superior to that of previous generations—a condition that is likely to improve still further as more people receive better medical care throughout their lives. In most industrial societies, the high cost of treating chronic illness has been assumed, at least partially, by national health plans such as Medicare and Medicaid in the United States.
The second major problem of the elderly involves income and economic welfare. Because most old people are no longer in the labor force, some form of income maintenance is necessary. Industrial societies are characterized by systems of pensions and benefits such as Social Security in the United States, which currently is increased automatically as the cost of living rises, thus reducing somewhat the impact of inflation People age 65 and over made up less than 3 percent of the United States civilian labor force in the late 1980s, and the trend has been toward increasingly earlier voluntary retirement. Income needs and health are the primary considerations in the decision to retire. Eliminating the mandatory retirement age is not expected to cause many
The vast majority of elderly men are married and live with their wives in homes of their own. Because of the higher death rates for men than for women, however, most older women are widowed. In the United States today, most widowed women are able to maintain an independent one-person household. Thus, fewer than 20 percent of the elderly live in the household of an adult child, and only 5 percent are in institutions such as hospitals or nursing homes. Members of different generations often visit one another and provide help in emergencies. Few elderly parents are abandoned or neglected by their children.
Social relationships might be difficult to maintain in old age because of health limitations, death of family members and friends, loss of workmates, and lack of transportation. Still, the majority of old people are deeply involved in friendships and family, and many find companionship at
In many ways, the aged in the United States are victims both of the youth orientation of modern times and of a tendency toward denial of death. In the past, old people commanded respect because they controlled the sources of power: wealth, land, political office, information, and the fate of other family members. In most modern societies, however, young people are independent; they choose whom they will marry, and receive public education Elderly people themselves often display high levels of morale, satisfaction with life, and feelings of self-worth. The important variables are health and income. The task of modern societies is to ensure that the aged have their basic needs met and that they have the resources to continue to
October 1st is international day for the elderly. It started (1)_in__ the 1990s, when the United Nations decided that older people a holiday. Now millions (2)_of__ people all (3)_over__ the world are involved (4)__in_ the celebrations every year, People celebrate the day (5) _by__ organising parties and picnics (6) _for__their grandparents or eldery relatives. It is a terrfic holiday (7) _to__ show how much we care (8)_about__ them. It is also nice to provide them (9) _with__ our support and love.